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Band-gap classification of conductors, semiconductors, insulators.
Pure semiconductors vs doped n-type and p-type.
Formation of depletion region and built-in potential.
I–V characteristic of a diode under each bias direction.
Diode rectifier circuits and ripple factor.
Light emission from a forward-biased junction; photovoltaic generation.
Three terminals, current relations, gains α and β.
Cutoff and saturation regions for digital switching.
Common-emitter amplifier and voltage gain.
Truth tables for the basic gates and basic Boolean identities.