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Protons, neutrons and electrons — the Bohr model and sub-atomic structure.
Filling shells in order — the 2,8,8 rule for GCSE elements.
How properties change across periods and down groups.
Electron transfer from metal to non-metal forms ionic compounds.
Two non-metals share electrons — creates molecules like H₂O, CH₄.
Lattice of metal cations in a sea of delocalised electrons.
Atomic orbitals mix to form equivalent hybrid orbitals — sp, sp², sp³.
Electron-pair repulsion predicts molecular shape — linear, bent, tetrahedral.
Intermolecular attraction between H bonded to N/O/F — explains water's high boiling point.