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The four quantum numbers n, l, mₗ, mₛ that fully describe an electron's state.
Excited atoms emit photons at discrete wavelengths — the fingerprint spectrum.
Identifying metal ions by the characteristic colour they impart to a flame.
Wet-chemical tests for identifying cations and anions in solution.
The equilibrium constant Ksp that governs when a sparingly soluble salt precipitates.
Separating mixture components by differential migration through a stationary phase.