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Gas pressure arises from molecular collisions with the container walls.
Phase change absorbs heat without changing temperature: Q = mL.
Heat needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1 K: Q = mcΔT.
PV = nRT unifies P, V, T for an ideal gas.
At constant T, pressure and volume of a fixed gas mass are inversely proportional.
Solids expand when heated: ΔL = αL₀ΔT; areal β = 2α, volumetric γ = 3α.