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2–15 MHz ultrasound pulses reflect from tissue boundaries to build internal images.
X-ray production, continuous + characteristic spectra.
CT reconstructs cross-sections from multi-angle X-rays; MRI maps proton spin in a strong magnetic field.
A flexible optical-fibre bundle uses total internal reflection to carry images out from inside the body.
Radioactive tracers emit γ-rays whose detection maps how organs function in real time.
Monochromatic coherent laser light enables eye surgery, lithotripsy, and precise cosmetic procedures.