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Reflection law and Snell's law for refraction at a boundary.
Plane-mirror image is virtual, same size, laterally inverted, equidistant behind the mirror.
Constructing images in concave/convex mirrors via four principal-ray rules.
Mirror equation 1/v + 1/u = 1/f; magnification m = −v/u = h'/h.
Absolute and relative refractive index; lateral shift through a slab.
Critical angle and the working principle of optical fibres.
Deviation through a prism and the minimum-deviation condition.
Focal length from the two surface radii and the material's refractive index.
Gaussian lens equation and lateral magnification.
The eye is a living camera; myopia and hypermetropia are corrected with concave / convex lenses.