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Reflection law and Snell's law for refraction at a boundary.
Absolute and relative refractive index; lateral shift through a slab.
Critical angle and the working principle of optical fibres.
Gaussian lens equation and lateral magnification.
Constructing images in concave/convex mirrors via four principal-ray rules.
Path-difference fringes; β = λD/d.
Transverse nature of light; unpolarized → polarized.