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Distinguishing heat from temperature; scales and the triple point.
Solids expand when heated: ΔL = αL₀ΔT; areal β = 2α, volumetric γ = 3α.
Heat needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1 K: Q = mcΔT.
Phase change absorbs heat without changing temperature: Q = mL.
PV = nRT unifies P, V, T for an ideal gas.
Gas pressure arises from molecular collisions with the container walls.
Energy conservation: heat in equals internal-energy change plus work done.
Heat flows spontaneously only from hot to cold (Kelvin–Planck / Clausius).