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X-ray production, continuous + characteristic spectra.
Each heartbeat produces a small voltage pulse that skin electrodes pick up — the ECG trace.
2–15 MHz ultrasound pulses reflect from tissue boundaries to build internal images.
CT reconstructs cross-sections from multi-angle X-rays; MRI maps proton spin in a strong magnetic field.
A flexible optical-fibre bundle uses total internal reflection to carry images out from inside the body.
Radioactive tracers emit γ-rays whose detection maps how organs function in real time.
Monochromatic coherent laser light enables eye surgery, lithotripsy, and precise cosmetic procedures.
Bose's crescograph and microwave work — pioneering plant electrophysiology and bio-electromagnetism.