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Force between two masses ∝ product of masses, inverse square of distance.
Stored energy between two masses — zero at infinity, negative at finite separation.
Speed at which gravity exactly provides the centripetal force.
Three laws of planetary orbits — ellipse, equal areas, T² ∝ a³.
Force between two point charges follows an inverse-square law.
Force per unit positive test charge around a source charge.
Work per unit charge to bring a charge from infinity; equipotentials.
Charge stored per unit voltage; geometry sets the value.
Combination rules for capacitor networks.
Work done in charging the capacitor equals stored field energy.
Lorentz force F = qv × B and the resulting circular trajectory.
Rate of change of flux equals induced EMF.
Induced current opposes the change — a statement of energy conservation.
Voltage ratio equals turns ratio; rationale for high-V transmission.
Phasors, impedance Z, and resonance condition.